Marx-Engels Collected Works/Volume 5

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Works of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels

April 1845-April 1847

Preface	xiii
Theses on Feuerbach (Marx) [Original version]	3
Theses on Feuerbach (Marx) [Edited by Engels]	6
Feuerbach (Engels)	11
A Reply to Bruno Bauer's Anti-Critique (Marx & Engels)	15
The German Ideology. Critique of Modern German Philosophy According to Its Representatives Feuerbach, B. Bauer and Stirner, and of German Socialism According to Its Various Prophets (Marx & Engels)	19
Volume I. Critique of Modern German Philosophy According to Its Representatives Feuerbach, B. Bauer and Stirner	21
Preface	23
I. Feuerbach. Opposition of the Materialist and Idealist Outlooks	27
[§ I]	27
[1.] Ideology in General, German Ideology in Particular	28
[2. Premises of the Materialist Conception of History]	31
[3. Production and Intercourse. Division of Labour and Forms of Property-Tribal, Ancient, Feudal]	32
[4. The Essence of the Materialist Conception of History. Social Being and Social Consciousness]	35
[§ II]	38
[1. Preconditions of the Real Liberation of Man]	38
[2. Feuerbach's Contemplative and Inconsistent Materialism]	38
[3. Primary Historical Relations, or the Basic Aspects of Social Activity: Production of the Means of Subsistence, Production of New Needs. Reproduction of Men (the Family), Social Intercourse, Consciousness].	41
[4. Social Division of Labour and Its Consequence: Private Property, the State, "Estrangement" of Social Activity]	46
[5. Development of the Productive Forces as a Material Premise of Communism]	48
[6. Conclusions from the Materialist Conception of History: History as a Continuous Process, History as Becoming World History, the Necessity of Communist Revolution]	50
[7. Summary of the Materialist Conception of History]	53
[8. The Inconsistency of the Idealist Conception of History in General and of German post-Hegelian Philosophy in Particular]	55
[9. Idealist Conception of History and Feuerbach's Quasi Communism]	57
[§ III]	59
[1. The Ruling Class and the Ruling Ideas. How the Hegelian Conception of the Domination of the Spirit in History Arose]	59
[§ IV]	63
[1. Instruments of Production and Forms of Property, Contradictions of Big Industry]	63
[2. The Division of Material and Mental Labour. Separation of Town and Country. The Guild-System]	64
[3. Further Division of Labour. Separation of Commerce and Industry. Division of Labour between the Various Towns. Manufacture]	66
[4. Most Extensive Division of Labour. Large-Scale Industry]	72
[5. The Contradiction between the Productive Forces and the Form of Intercourse as the Basis of Social Revolution]	74
[6. Competition of Individuals and the Formation of Classes. Contradiction between Individuals and Their Conditions of Life. The Illusory Community of Individuals in Bourgeois Society and the Real Union of Individuals under Communism. Subordination of the Social Conditions of Life to the Power of the United Individuals]	75
[7. Contradiction between Individuals and Their Conditions of Life as Contradiction between the Productive Forces and the Form of Intercourse. Development of the Productive Forces and the Changing Forms of Intercourse]	81
[8. The Role of Violence (Conquest) in History]	84
[9. Contradiction between the Productive Forces and the Form of Intercourse under the Conditions of Large-Scale Industry and Free Competition. Contradiction between Labour and Capital]	85
[10. The Necessity, Preconditions and Consequences of the Abolition of Private Property, Civil Society]	87
[11. The Relation of State and Law to Property]	89
[12. Forms of Social Consciousness]	92
The Leipzig Council	94
II. Saint Bruno	97
1. "Campaign" against Feuerbach	97
2. Saint Bruno's Views on the Struggle between Feuerbach and Stirner	105
3. Saint Bruno versus the Authors of Die Heilige Familie	107
4. Obituary for "M. Hess"	114
III. Saint Max	117
1. The Unique and His Property	119
The Old Testament: Man	121
1. The Book of Genesis, i. e., A Man's Life	121
2. The Economy of the Old Testament	130
3. The Ancients	136
4. The Moderns	144
A. The Spirit (Pure History of Spirits)	148
B. The Possessed (Impure History of Spirits)	152
C. The Impurely Impure History of Spirits	163
D. Hierarchy	172
5. "Stirner" Delighted in His Construction	185
6. The Free Ones	193
A. Political Liberalism	193
B. Communism	205
C. Humane Liberalism	232
The New Testament: "Ego"	240
1. The Economy of the New Testament	240
2. The Phenomenology of the Egoist in Agreement with Himself	242
Individual interests & Class interests	245
3. The Revelation of John the Divine	272
4. Peculiarity	301
5. The Owner:	315
A. My Power	315
a. Right	315
1. Canonisation in General	315
2. Appropriation by Simple Antithesis	319
3. Appropriation by Compound Antithesis	321
b. Law	327
c. Crime	336
1. Simple Canonisation of Crime and Punishment	337
2. Appropriation of Crime and Punishment Through Antithesis	340
3. Crime in the Ordinary and Extraordinary Sense	343
[B. My Intercourse]	346
[1. Society]	346
5. Society as Bourgeois Society	348
2. Rebellion	377
3. Union	389
1. Landed Property	389
2. Organisation of Labour	391
3. Money	395
4. State	399
5. Rebellion	402
6. Religion and Philosophy of the Union	403
A. Property	403
B. Wealth	407
C. Morality, Intercourse, Theory of exploitation	408
D. Religion	414
E. Supplement to the Union	415
C. My Self-Enjoyment	417
6. Solomon's Song of Songs or the Unique	427
Conclusion to “The Unique”	429
2. Apologetical Commentary	444
Close of the Leipzig Council	451
Volume II. Critique of German Socialism According to Its Various Prophets	453
True Socialism	455
I. Die Rheinischen Jahrbucher or the Philosophy of True Socialism	458
A. "Communismus, Socialismus, Humanismus"	458
B. "Socialistische Bausteine"	470
First Cornerstone	474
Second Cornerstone	477
Third Cornerstone	480
IV. Karl Grun: Die Soziale Bewegung in Frankreich und Belgien (Darmstadt, 1845) or the Historiography of True Socialism	484
Saint-Simonism	493
1. Lettres d'un habitant de Geneve a ses Contemporains	498
2. Catechisme politique des Industriels	500
3. Nouveau christianisme	505
4. The School of Saint-Simon	504
Fourierism	510
The "Limitations of Papa Cabet" and Herr Grun	519
Proudhon	529
V. "Doctor Georg Kuhlmann of Holstein" or the Prophecies of True Socialism	531
The True Socialists (Engels)	540

Illustrations

Facsimile of Thesis 11 on Feuerbach. From Marx's notebook	9
First page of the Preface to The German Ideology in Marx's handwriting	25
A page of the manuscript of The German Ideology. From the chapter "Feuerbach" (Discovered in the 1960s)	34
A page of the manuscript of The German Ideology. From the chapter "Feuerbach"	35
A page of the manuscript of The German Ideology. From the chapter "Saint Max"	226
Max Stirner. Drawing by Engels	267
First page of Chapter IV (Volume II) of The German Ideology as published in the Westphalische Dampfboot No. 8, 1847	487