Marx-Engels Collected Works/Volume 35

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Karl Marx, Capital, Volume I

Book I: The Process of Production of Capital

Preface (MECW)	xii
Preface to the First German Edition (Marx)	7
Afterword to the Second German Edition (Marx)	12
Preface to the French Edition (Marx)	23
Afterword to the French Edition (Marx)	24
Preface to the Third German Edition (Engels)	27
Preface to the English Edition (Engels)	30
Preface to the Fourth German Edition (Engels)	37

Part I: Commodities and Money

Chapter I Commodities	45
Section 1. The Two Factors of a Commodity: Use Value and Value (the Substance Of Value and the Magnitude of Value)	45
Section 2. The Twofold Character of the Labour Embodied in Commodities	51
Section 3. The Form of Value or Exchange Value	57
A. Elementary or Accidental Form of Value	58
1. The Two Poles of the Expression of Value: Relative Form and Equivalent Form	58
2. The Relative Form of Value	59
(a.) The Nature and Import of This Form	59
(b.) Quantitative Determination of Relative Value	63
3. The Equivalent Form of Value	65
4. The Elementary Form Of Value Considered as a Whole	70
B. Total or Expanded Form of Value	73
1. The Expanded Relative Form of Value	73
2. The Particular Equivalent Form	74
3. Defects of the Total or Expanded Form of Value	74
C. The General Form of Value	75
1. The Altered Character of the Form of Value	76
2. The Interdependent Development of the Relative Form of Value, and Of the Equivalent Form	78
3. Transition from the General Form of Value to the Money Form	80
D. The Money Form	80
Section 4. The Fetishism of Commodities and the Secret Thereof	81
Chapter II. Exchange	94
Chapter III. Money, or the Circulation of Commodities	103
Section 1. The Measure of Values	103
Section 2. The Medium of Circulation	113
a. The Metamorphosis of Commodities	113
b. The Currency of Money	124
c. Coin and Symbols of Value	135
Section 3. Money	140
a. Hoarding	140
b. Means of Payment	145
c. Universal Money	153

Part II: The Transformation of Money into Capital

Chapter IV The General Formula for Capital	157
Chapter V Contradictions in the General Formula of Capital	149
Chapter VI The Buying and Selling of Labour Power	177

Part III: The Production of Absolute Surplus Value

Chapter VII The Labour Process and the Process of Producing Surplus Value	187
Section 1. The Labour Process or the Production of Use Values	187
Section 2. The Production of Surplus Value	196
Chapter VIII Constant Capital and Variable Capital	209
Chapter IX The Rate of Surplus Value	221
Section 1. The Degree of Exploitation of Labour Power	221
Section 2. The Representation of the Components of the Value of the Product by Corresponding Proportional Parts of the Product Itself	230
Section 3. Senior's "Last Hour"	233
Section 4. Surplus Produce	238
Chapter X The Working Day	239
Section 1. The Limits of the Working Day	239
Section 2. The Greed for Surplus Labour. Manufacturer and Boyard	243
Section 3. Branches of English Industry Without Legal Limits to Exploitation	251
Section 4. Day and Night Work. The Relay System	263
Section 5. The Struggle for a Normal Working Day. Compulsory Laws for the Extension of the Working Day from the Middle of the 14th to the End of the 17th Century	270
Section 6. The Struggle for the Normal Working Day. Compulsory Limitation by Law of the Working Time. The English Factory Acts, 1833 to 1864	283
Section 7. The Struggle for the Normal Working Day. Reaction of the English Factory Acts on Other Countries	302
Chapter XI Rate and Mass of Surplus Value	307

Part IV: Production of Relative Surplus Value

Chapter XII The Concept of Relative Surplus Value	317
Chapter XIII Co-operation	326
Chapter XIV Division of Labour and Manufacture	341
Section 1. Two-fold Origin of Manufacture	341
Section 2. The Detail Labourer and his Implements	344
Section 3. The Two Fundamental Forms of Manufacture: Heterogeneous Manufacture, Serial Manufacture	347
Section 4. Division of Labour in Manufacture, and Division of Labour in Society	356
Section 5. The Capitalistic Character of Manufacture	364
Chapter XV Machinery and Modern Industry	374
Section 1. The Development of Machinery	374
Section 2. The Value Transferred by Machinery to the Product	389
Section 3. The Proximate Effects of Machinery on the Workman	397
a. Appropriation of Supplementary Labour Power by Capital. The Employment of Women and Children	398
b. Prolongation of the Working Day	406
c. Intensification of Labour	412
Section 4. The Factory	420
Section 5. The Strife Between Workman and Machine	430
Section 6. The Theory of Compensation as Regards the Workpeople Displaced by Machinery	440
Section 7. Repulsion and Attraction Of Workpeople by the Factory System. Crises in the Cotton Trade	450
Section 8. Revolution Effected in Manufacture, Handicrafts, and Domestic Industry by Modern Industry	462
a. Overthrow of Co-operation Based on Handicraft and on the Division of Labour	462
b. Reaction of the Factory System on Manufacture and Domestic Industries	464
c. Modern Manufacture	466
d. Modern Domestic Industry	468
e. Passage of Modern Manufacture, and Domestic Industry into Modern Mechanical Industry. The Hastening of This Revolution by the Application Of the Factory Acts to Those Industries	473
Section 9. The Factory Acts Sanitary and Educational Clauses of the Same Their General Extension in England	483
Section l0. Modern Industry and Agriculture	505

Part V: The Production of Absolute and Relative Surplus Value

Chapter XVI Absolute and Relative Surplus Value	509
Chapter XVII Changes Of Magnitude in the Price of Labour Power and in Surplus Value	519
I. Length of the Working Day and Intensity of Labour Constant Productiveness of Labour Variable	520
II. Working Day Constant. Productiveness of Labour Constant. Intensity of Labour Variable	524
III. Productiveness and Intensity of Labour Constant. Length of the Working Day Variable	526
IV. Simultaneous Variations in the Duration, Productiveness, and Intensity of Labour	527
(1.) Diminishing Productiveness of Labour with a Simultaneous Lengthening of the Working Day	528
(2.) Increasing Intensity and Productiveness of Labour with Simultaneous Shortening of the Working Day	530
Chapter XVIII Various Formulae for the Rate of Surplus Value	531

Part VI: Wages

Chapter XIX The Transformation of the Value (and Respectively the Price) of Labour Power into Wages	535
Chapter XX Time Wages	542
Chapter XXI Piece Wages	550
Chapter XXII National Differences of Wages	558

Part VII: The Accumulation of Capital

Chapter XXIII Simple Reproduction	565
Chapter XXIV Conversion of Surplus Value into Capital	578
Section 1. Capitalist Production on a Progressively Increasing Scale. Transition of the Laws of Property that Characterise Production of Commodities into Laws of Capitalist Appropriation	578
Section 2. Erroneous Conception, by Political Economy, of Reproduction on a Progressively Increasing Scale	584
Section 3. Separation of Surplus Value into Capital and Revenue. The Abstinence Theory	587
Section 4. Circumstances that, Independently of the Proportional Division Of Surplus Value into Capital and Revenue Determine the Amount of Accumulation. Degree of Exploitation of Labour Power. Productivity of Labour. Growing Difference in Amount Between Capital Employed and Capital Consumed. Magnitude of Capital Advanced	595
Section 5. The So-called Labour Fund	604
Chapter XXV The General Law of Capitalist Accumulation	607
Section 1. The Increased Demand for Labour Power that Accompanies Accumulation, the Composition of Capital Remaining the Same	607
Section 2. Relative Diminution of the Variable Part of Capital Simultaneously with the Progress of Accumulation and of the Concentration that Accompanies it	616
Section 3. Progressive Production of a Relative Surplus Population or Industrial Reserve Army	623
Section 4. Different Forms of the Relative Surplus Population. The General Law of Capitalistic Accumulation	634
Section 5. Illustrations of the General Law of Capitalist Accumulation	642
(a) England from 1846 - 1866	642
(b) The Badly Paid Strata of the British Industrial Class	648
(c) The Nomad Population	657
(d) Effect of Crises on the Best Paid Part of the Working Class	660
(e) The British Agricultural Proletariat	665
(f) Ireland	688

Part VIII: The So-Called Primitive Accumulation

Chapter XXVI The Secret of Primitive Accumulation	704
Chapter XXVII Expropriation of the Agricultural Population from the Land	707
Chapter XXVIII Bloody Legislation Against the Expropriated, from the End of the 15th Century. Forcing down of Wages by Acts of Parliament	723
Chapter XIX Genesis of the Capitalist Farmer	731
Chapter XXX Reaction of the Agricultural Revolution on Industry. Creation of the Home Market for Industrial Capital	733
Chapter XXXI Genesis of the Industrial Capitalist	738
Chapter XXXII Historical Tendency of Capitalist Accumulation	748
Chapter XXXIII The Modern Theory of Colonisation	751

Illustrations

Title Page of the First German Edition of Volume I of Capital	2
Marx's letter to Lachatre of March 18, 1872, the facsimile of which is given in the French edition of Volume I of Capital	25
Title page of the first English edition of Volume I of Capital	31

Note from MIA :

Two multipage sets of text were inadvertently omitted from the volume of the Karl Marx, Frederick Engels: Collected Works (MECW) that contains Volume I of Marx’s Capital. In 2009, the Errata providing the missing pages will be distributed to libraries possessing the MECW.

The text of volume I of Capital that can be found online in the Marx/Engels Collected Works section of the Marxists Internet Archive under volume 35 of the Collected Works does not have these pages missing. Before volume 35 had been printed, this text had been copied from the three-volume edition of Capital published in 1965 by Progress Publishers (Moscow), reprints of which were subsequently copublished by them with International Publishers (NY) and Lawrence & Wishart (UK). The text for the missing pages in this errata was taken from that edition.

Thanks to Erwin Marquit.