Marx-Engels Collected Works/Volume 4

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Works of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels

1844-45

Preface	xv
The Holy Family, or Critique of Critical Criticism. Against Bruno Bauer and Company. (Marx & Engels)	5
Foreword	7
Chapter I. "Critical Criticism in the Form of a Master-Bookbinder", or Critical Criticism as Herr Reichardt (by Engels)	9
Chapter II. "Critical Criticism" as a "Mill-Owner", or Critical Criticism as Herr Jules Fausber (by Engels)	12
Chapter III. "The Thoroughness of Critical Criticism", or Critical Criticism as Herr J. (Jungnitz?) (by Engels)	17
Chapter IV. "Critical Criticism" as the Tranquillity of Knowledge, or "Critical Criticism" as Herr Edgar	19
1) Flora Tristan's Union Ouviere (by Engels)	19
2) Beraud on Prostitutes (by Engels)	20
3) Love (by Marx)	20
4) Proudhon (by Marx)	23
Chapter V. "Critical Criticism" as a Mystery-Monger, or "Critical Criticism" as Herr Szdiga (by Marx)	55
1) "The Mystery of Degeneracy in Civilisation" and "The Mystery of Rightlessness in the State"	56
2) The Mystery of Speculative Construction	57
3) "The Mystery of Educated Society"	61
4) "The Mystery of Probity and Piety"	69
5) "Mystery, a Mockery"	72
6) Turtle-Dove (Rigolette)	75
7) The World System of the Mysteries of Paris	76
Chapter VI. Absolute Critical Criticism, or Critical Criticism as Herr Bruno	78
1) Absolute Criticism's First Campaign (by Marx)	78
a) "Spirit" and "Man"	78
b) The Jewish Question No 1 The Setting of The Questions	87
c) Hinrichs No 1 Mysterious Hints on Politics, Socialism and Philosophy	90
2) Absolute Criticism's Second Campaign	92
a) Hinrichs No 2 "Criticism" and "Feuerbach". Condemnation of Philosophy (by Engels)	92
b) The Jewish Question No 2 Critical Discoveries on Socialist Jurisprudence and Politics (Nationality) (by Marx)	94
3) Absolute Criticism's Third Campaign (by Marx)	99
a) Absolute Criticism's Self-Apology Its "Political" Past	99
b) The Jewish Question No 3	106
c) Critical Battle against the French Revolution	118
d) Critical Battle against French Materialism	124
e) Final Defeat of Socialism	134
f) The Speculative Cycle of Absolute Criticism and the Philosophy of Self-Consciousness	136
Chapter VII. Critical Criticism's Correspondence	144
1) The Critical Mass (by Marx)	144
2) The "UnCritical Mass" and "Critical Criticism"	148
a) The "Obdurate Mass" and the "Unsatisfied Mass" (by Marx)	148
b) The "Soft-Hearted" Mass "Pining for Redemption" (by Engels)	151
c) Grace Bestowed on the Mass (by Marx)	154
3) The Un-Critically Critical Mass, or "Criticism" and the "Berlin Couleur" (by Marx)	144
Chapter VIII. The Earthly Course and Transfiguration of "Critical Criticism", or "Critical Criticism" as Rudolph, Prince of Geroldstein (by Marx)	162
1) Critical Transformation of a Butcher into a Dog, or Chourineur	165
2) Revelation of the Mystery of Critical Religion, or Fleur de Marie	166
a) The Speculative "Marguerite"	166
b) Fleur de Marie	168
3) Revelation of the Mysteries of Law	176
a) The Maitre d'ecole or the New Penal Theory. The Mystery of Solitary Confinement Revealed. Medical Mysteries	176
b) Reward and Punishment Double Justice (with a Table)	188
c) Abolition of Degeneracy Within Civilisation and of Rightlessness in The State	190
4) The Revealed Mystery of the "Standpoint"	191
5) Revelation of the Mystery of the Utilisation of Human Impulses, or Clemence d'Harville	195
6) Revelation of the Mystery of the Emancipation of Women, or Louie Morel	195
7) Revelation of Political Economic Mysteries	196
a) Theoretical Revelation of Political Economic Mysteries	196
b) "The Bank for the Poor"	197
c) Model Farm at Bouqueval	199
8) Rudolph, "the Revealed Mystery of All Mysteries"	201
Chapter IX. The Critical Last Judgment (by Marx)	210
Historical Epilogue	211
Continental Socialism (Engels)	212
Description of Recently Founded Communist Colonies Still in Existence (Engels)	214
Rapid Progress of Communism in Germany (Engels)	229
Speeches in Elberfeld (Engels)	245
February 8, 1845	245
February 15, 1845	256
Draft of an Article on Friedrich List's Book Das nationale System der politischen Oekonemie (Marx)	265
I. General Characterisation of List	265
II. The Theory of Productive Forces and the Theory of Exchange Values	277
III. From Chapter Three. The Problem of Land Rent	286
IV. Herr List and Ferrier	290
The Condition of the Working-Class in England. From Personal Observation and Authentic Sources (Engels)	295
To the Working Classes of Great Britain	297
Preface	302
Introduction	307
The State of the Workers before the Industrial Revolution.-The Jenny.-Emergence of the Industrial and the Agricultural Proletariat.- The Throstle, the Mule, the Power-Loom, the Steam Engine.-The Victory of Machinery Work over Hand-Work.-The Development of Industrial Might.-The Cotton Industry.-The Hosiery Manufacture.-The Manufacture of Lace.-Dyeing, Bleaching, Printing.- The Manufacture of Wool.-The Linen Trade.-The Manufacture of silk.-The Production and Manufacture of Iron.-Coal Mining.- The Production of Pottery.-Agriculture.-Roadways, Canals, Railroads, Steamboats.-Summary.-The Emergence of the Proletariat as a Factor of National Importance.-The Middle Class' View of the Workers.
The Industrial Proletariat	324
Classification of the Proletariat.-Centralisation of Property.-The Levers of Modern Manufacture.-Centralisation of Population
The Great Towns	328
The Impression Produced by London.-The Social War and the System of General Plundering.-The Last of the Poors-General Description of the Slums.-In London: St. Giles and the Adjoining Quarters.-Whitechapel.-The Interior of the Workers' Dwellings. The Homeless in the Parks.-Night Refuge.-Dublin.-Edinburgh.-Liverpool.-Factory Towns: Nottingham, Birmingham, Glasgow, Leeds, Bradford, Huddersfield.-Lancashire: General Description.-Bolton.-Stockport.-Ashton-under-Lyne.-Stalybridge.-Detailed Description of Manchester: the General System of Its Building.-The Old Town.-The New Town.- The Method of Construction of Working-Men's Quarters.-Courts and Side Street.- Ancoats.-Little Ireland.-Hulme.-Salford.- Summary.-Lodging Houses.-Overcrowdedness of Population.- Cellar Dwellings.-The Clothing of the Workers.-Food.-Tainted Meat.-Adulteration of Provision.-False Weights, etc.-General Conclusion
Competition	375
Competition among the Workers Determines the Minimum of Wages,Competition among the Property-Holding People Determines Their Maximum.-The Worker, the Slave of the Bourgeoisie, is Forced to Sell Himself by the Day, and by the Hour.-Surplus Population.- Commercial Crises.-A Reserve Army of Workers.-The Hard Lot of This Reserve Army during the Crisis of 1842
Irish Immigration	389
The Causes and Figures.-Description by Thomas Carlyle.- Lack of Cleanliness, Crudeness and Drunkenness among the Irishmen.-The Influence of Irish Competition and of the Contacts with the Irish upon the English Workers
Results	393
Preliminary Remarks.-The Influence of the Above-Described Conditions on the Health of the Workers.-The Influence of Large Towns, Dwellings, Uncleanliness, etc.-The Facts.-Consumption.- Typhus, in Particular in London, Scotland and Ireland.-Digestive Troubles.-The Results of Drunkenness.-Quack Remedies.-"Godfrey's Cordial".- Mortality among Workers, Especially among Young Children.-Accusation of the Bourgeoisie of Social Murder.- Influence on the Mental and Moral Condition of the Workers.- Absence of the Necessary Conditions for Education.-Inadequacy of Evening and Sunday Schools.-Ignorance.-The Worker's Living Conditions Give Him a Sort of Practical Training.-Neglect of The Workers' Moral Training.-The Law as the Only Instructor in Morals. The Worker's Conditions of Life Tempt Him to Disregard Law and Morality.-The Influence of Poverty and Insecurity of Existence upon the Proletariat.-Forced Work.-The Centralisation of the Population.-Irish Immigration.-The Difference in Character between the Worker and the Bourgeois.-The Proletarian's Advantages over the Bourgeois.-The Unfavourable Sides of the Proletarian Character.-Drunkenness.-Sexual Irregularities.-Neglect of Family Duties.-Contempt for the Existing Social Order.-Crimes.- Description of the Social War.
Single Branches of Industry. Factory Hands	428
The Influence of Machinery.-Hand-Loom Weavers.-The Work of Men Being Superseded by Machinery.-Female Labour, the Distortion of the Family.-The Reversal of All Relations within the Family.- The Moral Consequences of the Mass Employment of Women in Factories.-Jus Primae Noctis.-The Work of Children.-The Apprentice System.-Subsequent Measures.-The Facts Related by the Factory Report.-Long Working-Day.-Night-Work. Cripples.- Other Deformities.-The Nature of Factory-Work.-Relaxation of the Whole Organism.-Special Diseases.-Testimony of the Commissioners.-Premature Old Age.-The Specific Influence of Factory Work upon the Female Physique.-Some Especially Injurious Branches.-Accidents.-The Bourgeoisie's Opinion of the Factory System.-Factory Laws and Agitation for the Ten Hours' Bill.- The Stupefying and Demoralising Nature of Factory-Work. Slavery.- Factory Regulations.-The Truck-System.-The Cottage System.- The Comparison of the Serf of 1145 with the Free Working-Man of 1845.
The Remaining Branches of Industry	479
Stocking Weavers.-The Lace Industry. Calico Printers.-Fustian Cutters.-Silk Weavers.-Metal-Wares.-Birmingham.- Staffordshire.-Sheffield.-Production of Machinery.-Potteries in the North of Staffordshire.-Manufacture of Class.- Handicraftsmen.- Dressmakers and Sewing-Women.
Labour Movements	501
Preliminary Remarks.-Crimes.-Revolts Against Machinery.- Associations, Strikes.-The Objects of the Unions and Strike.- Excesses Connected with Them.-The General Character of the Struggle Waged by the English Proletariat against the Bourgeoisie.- The Battle in Manchester in May 1845.-Respect for the Law is Alien to the Proletariat-Chartism.-The History of the Chartist Movement.-Insurrection of 1842.-The Decisive Separation of Proletarian Chartism from Bourgeois Radicalism.-The Social Nature of Chartism.-Socialism.-The Working-Men's Views
The Mining Proletariat	550
Cornish Miners.-Alston Moor.-Coal and Iron Mines.-The Work of Grown-up Men, Women and Children.- Special Affections.-Work in Low Shafts.-Accidents, Explosions, etc.-Mental Education.- Morals. -Laws Relating to the Mining Industry.-Systematic Exploitation of the Coal-Miners.-The Beginning of the Workers' Movement.- The Union of Coal-Miners.-The Great Campaign of 1844 in the North of England.-Roberts and the Campaign against Justices of the Peace and the Truck-System.-The Results of the Struggle.
The Agricultural Proletariat	545
Historical Survey.-Pauperism in the Country.-The Condition of the Wage-Workers.-Incendiarisms.-Indifference to the Corn Laws.- Religious State of the Agricultural Labourers.-Wales: Small Tenants.- "Rebecca" Disturbances.-Ireland: Subdivision of the Land.-Pauperisation of the Irish Nation.-Crimes.-Agitation for the Repeal of the Union with England.
The Attitude of the Bourgeoisie Towards the Proletariat	562
Demoralisation of the Engels Bourgeoisie.-Its Avarice.-Political Economy and Free Competition.-Pharisaic Charity.-The Hypocrisy of Political Economy and Politics in the Question of the Corn Laws.- Bourgeois Legislation and Justice.-The Bourgeoisie in Parliament.- A Bill Regulating the Relation of Master and Servant.-Malthus' Theory.-The Old Poor Law.-The New Poor Law.-Examples of the Brutal Treatment of the Poor in the Workhouses.-The Chances of the English Bourgeoisie
Postscript to The Condition of the Working-Class in England. An English Turnout (Engels)	554
Peuchet: On Suicide (Marx)	597
A Fragment of Fourier's on Trade (Engels)	613
I.	616
II. Falseness of the Economic Principles of Circulation	620
III. Hierarchy of Bankruptcy	624
IV. Ascending Wing of Bankrupts The Innocent.-The Honourable.-The Seductive	626
V. Centre.-Grandiose Hues The Tacticians.-The Manoeuvrers.-The Agitators	630
VI. Descending Wing.-Dirty Hues The Cunning Sneakers.-The Bunglers.-The False Brothers	636
VII. Conclusion	640
The Late Butchery at Leipzig.-The German Working Men's Movement (Engels)	645
Victoria's Visit.-The "Royals" at Loggerheads.-Row Betwixt Vic and the German Bourgeoisie.-The Condemnation of the Paris Carpenters (Engels)	649
"Young Germany" in Switzerland. (Conspiracy against Church and State) (Engels)	651
Persecution and Expulsion of Communists (Engels)	654
History of the English Corn Laws (Engels)	656

From the Preparatory Materials

Hegel's Construction of the Phenomenology (Marx)	665
Draft Plan for a Work on the Modern State (Marx)	666
Plan of the "Library of the Best Foreign Socialist Writers" (Marx)	667
From the Notebook (Marx)	668

Appendices

To the Readers of and Contributors to the Gesellschaftsspiegel	671
Contract Between Marx and the Leske Publishers in Darmstadt on the Publication of Kritik der Politik und Nationalokonomie. February 1, 1845	675
Marx to Leopold I, King of Belgium, in Brussels. February 7, 1845	676
Marx's Undertaking Not to Publish Anything in Belgium on Current Politics. March 22, 1845	677
Marx to Chief Burgomaster Gortz in Trier. October 17, 1845	678
Marx to Chief Burgomaster Gortz in Trier. November 10, 1845	679

Illustrations

Title-page of the first edition of The Holy Family by Marx and Engels	5
Reproduction of K. Hubner's painting, Weavers Delivering Finished Cloth. 1844	230
Cover of the first edition of Engels' The Condition of the Working-Class in England	299
First page of Engels' address To the Working-Classes of Great Britain	305
A page from The Condition of the Working-Class in England (1845), with Edward Mead's poem, "The Steam King", translated by Engels	475
Map of Manchester	515
The covers of the journals to which Engels contributed: Deutsches Bürgerbuch, Westphälische Dampfboot, Gesellschaftsspiegal	599-601