The State of British Commerce (June 1858)

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London, June 8, 1858

The trade and navigation tables just published by the British Board of Trade comprise an account of the declared value of the exports of the United Kingdom in the three months ending 31st March, 1858, compared with the corresponding period .of the year 1857; an account of the number and tunnage of vessels entered inward and cleared outward, with cargoes, in the four months ending 30th April, 1858, compared with the corresponding period of the years 1856 and 1857; and, lastly, an account of the principal exports and imports for the four months ending 30th April, 1858. The amount of the exports for the month of April, 1858, is £9,451,000, against £9,965,000 in 1857, and £9,424,000 in 1856, while for the four months there is a reduction of nearly £6,000,000 in the year 1858. Accordingly the British exports of the month of April, 1858, would appear riot only to have risen above the level of 1856, but closely to approach that reached in 1857, some months prior to the commercial explosion in the United States. Hence it might be inferred that the last traces of the crisis are rapidly disappearing, and that British commerce, at least, is again entering a new epoch of expansion. Such a conclusion, however, would be altogether erroneous. In the first place, it must be considered that the official statistics, as far as they relate to declared value, do not show the actual returns, but the returns as anticipated by the exporters. Moreover, a closer examination of the tables of exports proves that the apparent recovery of British commerce is mainly due to an over-importation of East India, which must lead to a violent contraction of that market. Already we read in the last commercial circular of Messrs. George Frazer & Company:

"The later advises from the East show symptoms of reaction from the extraordinary high range of prices which have been current in Bombay and in Calcutta during the period when supplies there were so short. A riot inconsiderable decline has already been submitted to upon the arrival out of cargoes which were shipped not later than December. The supplies since then have been to both markets most liberal, if not excessive; and it seems very probable, therefore, that for some time to come we must look for less support to prices from the great activity of the Eastern demand than has been so far experienced since the beginning of January."

Beside India, those European and other countries which till now had not been reached by the effects of the commercial crisis, have been blocked up by British merchandise, not in consequence of increased demand, but by way of experiment. The countries thus blessed were Belgium, Spain and its dependencies, some Italian States—principally the Two Sicilies—Egypt, Mexico, Central America, Peru, China, and some minor markets. At the very time when the most disastrous news was arriving from Brazil and put a check upon the aggregate export to that country, some branches of British industry, compelled to find an outlet for their exuberant produce, did not only not curtail, but actually augment their shipments for that market. Thus, during the month of April, linens, earthenware and porcelain, destined for Brazil, were increasing in quantity as well as declared value. Nobody can consider this bona fide exports. The same remark holds true with respect to Australia, which had acted as so elastic a center of absorption during the first months of the crisis. Australia was then and is still overstocked; a sudden reaction took place; the aggregate exports thither were diminished, but again some branches of British industry, instead of contracting, have actually expanded—speculatively, of course—their supplies in spite of the warnings of all the Australian local papers. The export tables of the month of April, therefore, must be considered not as the bona fide standard of the recovery of British industry, but as mere feelers thrown out in order to ascertain what pressure the markets of the world are again able to bear. The following table contains an account of the declared value of the British and Irish exports in the three months ending 31st of March, 1858, compared with the corresponding period of the year 1857:

Foreign Countries to which Exported.
	1857.	1858.
Russia, Northern Ports	£3,015	£8,853
Russia, Southern Ports	72,777	42,493
Sweden	48,007	3,717
Norway	30,217	5,911
Denmark	92,046	40,148
Prussia	133,000	78,917
Mecklenburg	9,502	3,099
Hanover	288,648	236,669
Oldenburg	3,520	1,957
Hanse Towns	2,318,260	1,645,419
Holland	1,305,606	975,428
Belgium	515,175	546,033
France	1,631,672	1,035,096
Portugal proper	380,160	356,178
Azores	10,793	12,581
Madeira	9,955	16,245
Spain	496,788	584,287
Canary Islands	18,817	8,475
Sardinia	290,131	293,138
Tuscany	189,534	257,508
Papal States	69,953	123,059
Two Sicilies	284,045	375,177
Austrian Territories	253,042	323,086
Greece	40,860	69,570
Turkey	969,288	821,204
Wallachia and Moldavia	111,052	98,135
Syria and Palestine	199,070	81,874
Egypt (ports on the Mediterranean)	449,497	483,516
Tunis	865	2,323
Algeria	4,790	4,831
Morocco	55,826	37,206
Western Coast of Africa (foreign)	235,527	196,484
Eastern Coast of Africa	301	1,927
African Ports on the Red Sea	1,130	567
Cape Verde Islands	2,419	3,965
Java	234,071	149,493
Philippine Islands	144,992	212,942
China (exclusive of Hong Kong)	290,441	389,647
South Sea Islands	...	585
Foreign West Indies	620,022	521,435
United States (Ports on the Atlantic)	6,231,501	2,565,566
California	50,219	94,147
Mexico	112,277	151,890
Central America	22,453	46,201
New Granada	88,502	117,411
Venezuela	105,417	62,685
Ecuador	2,099	...
Brazil	1,292,325	826,583
Uruguay	145,481	177,281
Buenos Ayres	285,187	279,913
Chili	336,309	270,176
Peru	209,889	299,725
Total to foreign countries	£20,636,473	£14,940,756
British Possessions.
Channel Islands	£136,071	£120,431
Gibraltar	152,926	210,575
Malta	116,821	131,238
Ionian Islands	66,148	52,849
West Coast of Africa (British)	135,452	62,343
Cape of Good Hope	442,796	403,579
Natal	26,605	23,106
Ascension	3,832	2,308
St. Helena	3,837	8,416
Mauritius	142,303	164,042
Aden	11,263	11,996
British Territories in the East Indies (exclusive of Singapore and Ceylon)	2,822,009	3,502,664
Singapore	101,535	308,545
Ceylon	98,817	153,090
Hong Kong	133,743	242,757
West Australia	15,515	13,813
South Australia	180,123	249,162
New South Wales	706,337	682,265
Victoria	1,427,248	1,056,537
Tasmania	67,550	82,942
New Zealand	96,893	93,768
British North American Colonies	818,560	439,433
British West India Islands	334,024	426,421
British Guiana	122,249	95,385
Honduras (British Settlements)	28,363	31,869
Total to British Possessions	£8.191,020	£8,569,534
Total to Foreign Countries and British Possesions	28,827,493	23,510,290

The Economist thinks that, from an accurate analysis of these figures,

"the curious fact is disclosed that the entire decrease has taken place in the British trade to foreign countries as contrasted with the colonial possessions."

In fact, the above tables may be condensed as follows:

Exports for three months.

	1857.	1858.
To foreign countries	£20,636,473	£14,940,756
Total	£28,827,493	£23,510,290

Yet the conclusion arrived at by The Economist seems a fallacy. According to the condensed statement there would appear to have taken place a reduction in the trade to foreign countries to the amount of £5,695,717, simultaneously with an increase of £378,514 in the colonial trade. However, if we deduct the increase in the trade of British smuggling places such as Gibraltar, Malta, Hong Kong, and of mere depots for foreign countries, such as Singapore, a decrease in the aggregate colonial trade becomes evident; and if we deduct India, the decrease appears very considerable. Of the decrease in the trade to foreign countries, the main percentage falls upon the following countries:

United States	£6,231,501	£2,565,566
Brazil	1,292,325	826,583
Hanse Towns	2,318,260	1,645,410
France	1,631,672	1,035,096
Holland	1,305,606	975,428

The accounts relating to navigation show a slight increase in the number as well as tunnage of the British vessels entered inward, but a decrease in the number and tunnage of the vessels cleared outward. Of foreign countries, the navigation of the United States continues to maintain the first rank. The following figures show the movement of their vessels to and from the British ports:

Entered Inward.
	1856.		1857.		1858.
	Ships.	Tunnage.	Ships.	Tannage.	Ships.	Tunnage.
United States...	382	383,255	367	366,407	366	366,650
Cleared Outward.
United States...	414	395,102	440	427,221	343	321,015

According to the same accounts, Norway, Denmark and Russia seem the countries upon whose navigation the commercial crisis told with the most disastrous effect.