Edit Text: On Bolshevism (1913)

<blockquote> The article “''On Bolshevism''” was written by Lenin for the second volume of N. A. Rubakin’s book ''Among Books''. On January 12 (25), 1913, Lenin sent the article to Rubakin in Clarens, Switzerland, with a letter stipulating that the article “should ''not'' be altered ''in any'' way” (see present edition, Vol. 35, Russian ed., p. 45). The article was published in full. </blockquote> The origin of Bolshevism is inseparably linked with the struggle of what is known as Economism (opportunism which rejected the political struggle of the working class and denied the latter’s leading role) against revolutionary Social-Democracy in 1897–1902. Economism, supported by the Bund, was defeated and eliminated by the well-known campaign of the old ''Iskra''<ref>''Iskra'' (''The Spark'')—the first all-Russia illegal Marxist newspaper. It was founded by Lenin in December 1900 abroad, from where it was secretly sent to Russia. It played a tremendous part in uniting the Russian Social-Democrats ideologically and paving the way for the unification of scattered local organisations in a revolutionary Marxist party. After the split into Bolsheviks and Mensheviks that took place at the Second Congress of the RSDLP in 1903, ''Iskra'' passed into the hands of the Mensheviks (beginning with No. 52) and came to be called the “new” ''Iskra'' as distinct from the “old” ''Iskra'', edited by Lenin.</ref> (Munich, London and Geneva, 1900–03), which restored the Social-Democratic Party (founded in 1898 but later destroyed by arrests) on the basis of Marxism and revolutionary Social-Democratic principles. At the Second Congress of the RSDLP (August 1903), the Iskrists split: the ''majority'' stood for the principles and tactics of the old ''Iskra'', while the ''minority'' turned to opportunism, and was backed by the one-time enemies of ''Iskra'', the Economists and the Bundists. Hence the terms Bolshevism* and Menshevism<ref>From the Russian words for ''majority'' and ''minority''.—''Tr''.</ref> (Bolsheviks and Mensheviks). In 1903–04 the struggle was mainly over the Mensheviks’ opportunism in questions of organisation. From the end of 1904 on, tactical differences became the most important. The “plan for the Zemstvo campaign”<ref>The ''Zemstvo campaign'' was conducted by bourgeois liberals between the autumn of 1904 and January 1905. It consisted of a series of congresses, public meetings and banquets at which speeches were made and resolutions passe din support of moderate constitutional demands. Lenin sharply criticised the Menshevik attitude of sup port for the campaign in his article “The Zemstvo Campaign and ''Iskra’s'' Plan”</ref> put forward (autumn 1904) by the ''new Iskra'', which had deserted to the Mensheviks, took up the defence of the tactics of “not intimidating the liberals”. The year 1905 saw the tactical differences take final shape (the Bolshevik Congress, Third Congress of the RSDLP in London, May 1905, and the Menshevik “conference” held in Geneva at the same time). The Mensheviks strove to adapt working-class tactics to liberalism. The Bolsheviks, however, put forward as the aim of the working class in the bourgeois-democratic revolution: to carry it through to the end and to lead the democratic peasantry despite the treachery of the liberals. The main practical divergencies between the two trends in the autumn of 1905 were over the fact that the Bolsheviks stood for boycotting the Bulygin Duma while the Mensheviks favoured participation. In the spring of 1906, the same thing happened with regard to the Witte Duma. First Duma: the Mensheviks stood for the slogan of a Duma (Cadet) Ministry; the Bolsheviks, for the slogan of a Left (Social-Democratic and Trudovik) Executive Committee that would organise the actual struggle of the masses, etc. This could be set forth in greater detail only in the press abroad. At the Stockholm Congress (1906) the Mensheviks won the upper hand, and at the London Congress (1907), the Bolsheviks. In 1908–09 the ''Vperyod'' group (Machism<ref>''Machism''—a reactionary, subjectivist-idealist philosophical trend which became widespread in Western Europe in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. It was founded by Ernst Mach, an Austrian physicist and philosopher, and Richard Avenarius, a German philosopher.<br />Machism was particularly dangerous to the working class as a trend of bourgeois idealist philosophy, for while professing to be opposed to idealism it referred to contemporary natural science, a circumstance which gave it a “scientific” semblance. In Russia, Machist influence was strong among a section of the Social-Democratic intelligentsia. It was particularly widespread among the Menshevik intellectuals, such as N. Valentinov and P. S. Yushkevich. Some Bolshevik writers, too, including V. Bazarov, A. Bogdanov and A. V. Lunacharsky, adopted the standpoint of Machism. Under the pretence of developing Marxism, the Russian Machists tried to revise the fundamental tenets of Marxist philosophy. Lenin in his book ''Materialism and Empirio-criticism'' exposed the reactionary nature of Machism. He upheld Marxist philosophy against revisionist attacks and elaborated dialectical and historical materialism in the new historical conditions.<br />The defeat of Machism struck a powerful blow at the ideological positions of the Mensheviks, otzovists and god-builders.</ref> in philosophy and otzovism, or boycotting the Third Duma, in politics—Bogdanov, Alexinsky, Lunacharsky and others) broke away from the Bolsheviks. In 1909-11, in fighting against them (cf. V. Ilyin, ''Materialism and Empirio-Criticism'', Moscow, 1909<ref>See present edition, Vol. 14.—''Ed''.</ref> ), as well as against the liquidators (Mensheviks who denied the need for an illegal Party), Bolshevism came close to the ''pro-Party Mensheviks'' (Plekhanov and others), who had declared a resolute war on liquidationism. The Bolshevik organs were: ''Vperyod'' and ''Proletary'' (Geneva, 1905), ''Novaya Zhizn'' (St. Petersburg, 1905), ''Volna'', ''Ekho'', etc. (St. Petersburg, 1906), ''Proletary'' in Finland (1906–07), Geneva (1908) and Paris (1909), ''Sotsial-Demokrat'' in Paris (1909–12). Some of the principal writings of Bolshevism are collected in V. Ilyin’s’<ref>''V. Ilyin''—one of Lenin’s pseudonyms.</ref> ''Twelve Years'', St. Petersburg, 1908, which also gives a more detailed bibliography. The main Bolshevik writers: G. Zinoviev, V. Ilyin, Y. Kamenev, P. Orlovsky and others. In recent years Bolsheviks have been the main contributors to the newspapers ''Zvezda'' (1910–12), ''Pravda'' (1912), St. Petersburg, and to the periodicals ''Mysl'' (1910), Moscow, and ''Prosveshcheniye'' (1911–13), St. Petersburg. <references />